Top 10 Famous Photographers

I was going to post the top 10 famous photgraphs, but there were a few mildly disturbing shots, such as Kevin Carter’s “Stricken Child Crawling towards a Food Camp”, and Richard Drew’s “Falling man”. So instead, I decided to make a list on the top 10 famous photgraphers. This list was suggested by a blog suscriber.

10. Steve McCurry (1950- )

McCurry’s images of the people, places and culture of South East Asia have made him one of the most respected photographers working today. He began taking pictures for his college newspaper and, upon graduation, saved up for a short trip to India. But McCurry’s excitement at the visual possibilities afforded by India extended his trip to 2 years! Before long he was working for National Geographic and, in 1985, produced his famous picture, “Afghan Girl”, which became a symbol of the trauma suffered by the Afghan people during the Soviet invasion. McCurry’s ongoing fascination with the world of South East Asia has led to an incredible collection of work that beautifully reflects the diversity of people, culture and religion in this part of the world. Visit his website at http://stevemccurry.com/main.php

9. Annie Leibovitz (1949- )

Annie Leibovitz is probably the most well known photographer of the stars working today. She has produced a huge number of iconic photos, many of which were first published on the covers of Rolling Stone magazine and Vanity Fair. Her images are meticulously put together in every way. The composition, the lighting, the colours and the concept are all fine tuned to perfection. Leibovitz met Susan Sontang, author of “On Photography”, in 1989 and they became partners until Sontang’s death in 2004. The retrospective book “Annie Leibovitz: A Photographer’s Life” is an incredible collection of images taken by Leibovitz between 1990 and 2004.

8. Mary Ellen Mark (1940- )

Ellen Mark is amongst the most famous photographers of marginalised people. She is drawn to those on the fringes of society, who tend to be ignored and overlooked. Ellen Mark grew up in Philadelphia and was always interested in art. She experimented with a Box Brownie camera as a young girl and went on to take a degree in Fine Art and the history of art. For much of her career, Ellen Mark has worked on film sets shooting stills of the filming. She has worked on films such as “Apocalypse Now” and “One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest”. But it’s her personal projects documenting the lives of marginalised people in US society that have preoccupied her most. Visit her website at http://www.maryellenmark.com/index.html

7. Antonin Kratochvil (1947- )

Anton Kratochvil grew up in Czechoslovakia, but was forced to flee prior o he Soviet invasion in 1967. He later moved to the United Staes and took work as a photojournalist on the LA Times. Kratochvil has reported from many troubled areas of the world and his work often focuses on human emotion. He has also produced a large number of portraits of famous actors and musicians. These are often tightly cropped photos, shot outdoors in high contrast lights. Visit his website at http://antoninkratochvil.com/

6. Irving Penn (1917-2009)

Irving Penn had a very long career which yielded some of the most well-known images of the 20th century. His work is characterized by highly organized compositions, in which subjects conform to rigorous, often geometric, aesthetic themes. He devoted himself to photography throughout his career. He took particular interest in his photos as printed objects, and the quality of their finish.

5. Cecil Beaton (1904-1980)

Cecil Beaton was one of the most famous photographers of the inter-war years. He captured the mood of irresponsible fun amongst the young members of a dying aristocracy in England, many of whom were his close friends. But he was also active during the golden age of Hollywood, capturing candid pictures of Marilyn Monroe and Audrey Hepburn. He took one famous picture of the latter wearing a costume that he had designed for her for the film “My Fair Lady”. Beaton’s talents were not just as a photographer and costume designer. He was also an accomplished actor, painter, author and set designer! As a photographer he was preoccupied with style, elegance and beauty. He had a great ability to capture his subjects at their best, and was a popular choice of photographer for the Royal Family.

4. Phillipe Halsman (1906-1979)

Halsman is one of the most famous photographers to have explored the themes of surrealism in his work. He was born in Latvia and began his photographic career in Paris, where he set up a studio shooting artists and writers. During World War II Halsman fled to New York and went on to become a succesful photographer with LIFE magazine. In fact, he had more photos featured on the cover of LIFE than anyone else:101! Much of Halsman’s most famous photography resulted from a collaboration with the surrealist artist Salvador Dali. The ability of the camera to freeze moving objects in mid-flight and produce strange effects was explored to the full in pictures like “Dali Atomicus”. The famous portrait of Albert Einstein looking rather mournful was also taken by Phillipe Halsman.

3. Edouard Boubat (1923-1999)

He had a brilliant knack for capturing people in their own private worlds, whether that was lovers embracing, or children daydreaming. One of his most famous pictures, “Remi Listening to the Sea”, is a picture of a little boy holding a seashell up to his ear and, with eyes closed, quietly listening to the sound of the ‘sea’. Boubat is often described as a ‘humanist’ photographer because of his ability to capture the beauty and dignity of his subjects. In 1973 he was awarded the Octavius Hill Prize, and that was followed by the Hasselblad Prize in 1988.

2. Eve Arnold (1912- )

Eve Arnold moved to England in the early 60′s and has produced some of the most famous photography of Queen Elizabeth II. In 1980 the American Society of Magazine Photographers awarded Arnold a Lifetime Achievement Award.

1. Yousuf Karsh (1908-2002)

Over the course the course of his long career, he captured a huge number of the 20th century’s most prominent figures from the world of art, science, politics, and entertainement. Karsh had a turbulent early life in Mardin, modern Turkey, and was eventually sent to live with his uncle, a photographer, in Canada. His first photos, some of which are included on his website, clearly show that he had a great eye from an early age. He soon began mastering the art of photography. His big break came when the Canadian Prime Minister noticed his work and invited him to photograph foreign leaders on their visit to the country. But it’s his shot of Winston Churchill that is perhaps most famous. Shot in 1941, Churchill had just given an electrifying speech to the Canadian Parliament. As he took his leave he was guided towards Karsh, who was waiting for a quick photograph. Karsh nervously asked Churchill to remove his cigar for the picture, with no luck. So he snuck up to the great man and plucked it from his mouth and put it to one side! The resulting expression on Churchill’s face, combined with his already “pumped-up” mood, produced a photo that has become perhaps the most famous symbol of his fierce defiance. Visit his website at http://www.karsh.org/

Source: photography-art-cafe.com

Top 10 Prehistoric Fish still alive Today

This list looks at fish that were around in remote, prehistoric times and have survived to our time, still keeping their “prehistoric” looks to prove it.

10. Hagfish
According to the fossil record, hagfish have existed for over 3 million years, which means they were already old when dinosaurs took over the world! Found in relatively deep waters, these animals are sometimes called slime eels, but they are not really eels, and actually, they may not even be fish at all, according to some scientists. They are very bizarre animals in all regards; they have a skull but lack a spine, and they have two brains. Almost blind, they feed at night on the carcasses of large animals which fall to the sea bottom. They owe their “slime eel” nickname to the fact that they produce a slimey substance to damage the gills of predatory fish; as a result, they have virtually no natural enemies.

9. Lancetfish
The lancetfish has a very obvious “prehistoric” appearance, with those fierce-looking, sharp teeth on its jaws and the sail on its back, reminescent of that of some dinosaurs (although, in the lancefish the sail is actually an enlarged dorsal fin). Even its scientific name has a dinosaurian sound to it (Alpisaurus ferox). Up to two meters (6′ 6″) in length, this predator is found in all the oceans except for polar regions; it feeds on smaller fish and squid, and has been known to feed on members of its own species sometimes.

8. Arowana
Belonging to the ancient group of the Osteoglossids, these fish already existed in the Jurassic period. Today, they are found in the Amazon, and in parts of Africa, Asia and Australia. Sometimes kept as exotic pets, arowanas are voracious predators that feed on any small animal they can catch, including birds and bats which they catch in mid-flight (They are able to leap up to 2 meters [6' 6"] into the air). In China, arowanas are known as “dragon-fish” due to their appearance, and they are thought to be harbingers of good luck.

7. Frilled Shark
This deep sea predator, one of the most primitive sharks alive today, is a relic from the Cretaceous period, when dinosaurs ruled the Earth. Seldom seen alive, and only recently filmed for the first time, the frilled shark can grow up to 2 meters (6′ 6″) (with females being larger than males) and they live in deep waters, where they feed mostly on squid. They are not dangerous to humans, and as a matter of fact, most frilled sharks spend their whole lives without seeing a human being. Only dead or dying specimens are usually seen and recorded by fishermen or scientists.

6. Sturgeon
Another survivor of the age of dinosaurs (they were already around in the early Jurassic), the sturgeon is well known for being the main source of caviar (which is made out of their egg masses); due to overfishing, these magnificent, armoured fish are sadly endangered nowadays. The largest sturgeon species can grow up to 6 meters (19′ 7″) long, being as large as most great white sharks; they feed on small animals from the sea and pose no danger to humans, unless provoked (although they are so big that they have hurt - and even killed – people unintentionally by leaping out of the water and landing on boats!)

5. Arapaima
A close relative to the arowana (see #8), the Amazonian arapaima is sometimes considered to be the largest freshwater fish in the world. According to early descriptions, it could grow up to 4.5 meters (14′ 8″) long, but today, enormous individuals like these are seldom found and most adult arapaimas average 2 meters (6′ 6″) long. These slow moving predators feed on smaller fish, crustaceans and whatever small animal they can fit in their mouth. An interesting traait of this fish is that it needs to breathe oxygen from the air in order to survive. Arapaimas pose no danger to humans and are often hunted for their meat; unfortunately, they are very scarce nowadays. Although the arapaima seemingly appeared in the Miocene period, it belongs to a much older family, the Osteoglossidae, and therefore its origins can be traced back to the age of the dinosaurs.

4. Sawfish
This critically endangered animal is a survivor from the Cretaceous period, and can be found in both saltwater or in rivers and creeks, and has been found up to 100 kilometres inland. Up to 7 meters (23′) in length, sawfish may look like sharks but are actually more closely related to rays. Their “saw” is both a weapon and a sensory organ. Although usually peaceful, the sawfish can become extremely dangerous if provoked. Due to an etraordinary fossil, we know that gigantic, prehistoric sawfish were probably a staple food for the largest carnivorous dinosaur, Spinosaurus, as a vertebrae from the fish was found stuck between the dinosaur’s teeth.

3. Alligator Gar
This formidable, thick-scaled predator is found in the southern United States and northern and eastern Mexico, being the largest freshwater fish in North America (although it sometimes wanders into the sea). It can grow up to 4 meters (13′) long and weigh up to 200 kilograms (440 lbs). Gator gars are so called because of their reptilian appearance and long jaws, armed with a double row of sharp teeth. They are voracious ambush predators and have been known to bite humans occasionally, although no confirmed deaths due to alligator gars have been recorded to date. Gars are among the oldest fish alive today; their origins can be traced back to the Cretaceous period.

2. Polypterus Senegalus
These african fish are often called “dinosaur eels”, due to their reptilian appearance and dorsal fin, reminescent of some dinosaurs’ spiked backs. They are not really eels, but members of the bichir family. Bichirs were already around in the Cretaceous, so the “dinosaur” part of their name is actually fitting in a way. Although often sold as exotic pets, dinosaur eels are prone to escaping their fish tank. They can survive out of the water for long periods of time as long as their skin remains wet, which enables them to wander far away from their tank.

1. Coelacanth
The Coelacanth is the most famous of all “living fossils” and deserves to be #1 in this list, because it is the best example of an animal that was supposed to be long extinct and is unexpectedly found to be alive. Coelacanths were supposed to have become extinct in the Cretaceous period, along with the dinosaurs, but in 1938, a live specimen was found in South Africa. Since then, more specimens have been seen and photographed, and a second coelacanth species was even found in Indonesia in 1999. Coelacanths are large predators, up to 2 meters (6′ 6″) long; they feed on smaller fish, including small sharks, and are usually found in deep, dark waters. Although rarely captured and consumed due to their horrible taste, coelacanths are critically endangered nowadays.

Top 10 Marathons

Experts say that even before you compete in your next race, you should set your next goal. To give you some big ideas, here are the world’s ten greatest marathons.

10. BMW Berlin Marathon
Sept. 25
Berlin is a big one, attracting top talent from around the world to this reunified German capital. The run starts and finishes next to the Brandenberg Gate. The course is historic, passing by places such as  the Reichstag and Berliner Dome.

9. Bank of America Chicago Marathon
Oct. 9
Autumn leaves should be falling by the time this one comes around. This is the Upper Midwest and the terrain is flat. It starts and ends at Grant Park, winding through a number of Chicago’s neighbourhoods. During the first five kilometers, the course passes through downtown Chicago. Eventually it heads north along LaSalle Street.

8. San Francisco Marathon
July 31
Lots of marathoners find their heart in San Francisco. The course is out of a guidebook. It begins on the Embarcadero, passes Fisherman’s Wharf, the Marina, and crosses Golden Gate Bridge. Runners return across the bridge, pass through the Presidio, and through Golden Gate Park. Then it’s on to Haight Street and thorugh the Portero and Mission Bay Districts. Look up and behold the Bay Bridge. The finish is just ahead.

7. Virgin London Marathon
April 22
Lots of races in lots of places in April make it tough for top competitors to choose. One of the very best is in London. The marathon follows a flat course along the Thames. It’s the only marathon on the planet that begins in the Eastern Hemisphere and crosses over – at Greenwich – into the Western Hemisphere.

6. SSQ Quebec City Marathon
Aug. 28
Since its start in 1998, the SSQ Quebec City Marathon has welcomed 48,000 people to run along the shore of the St. Lawrence River. The 14th one will be the biggest international sports event in Greater Quebec City. Whether you partake in the marathon, the half marathon, the 10K race, the fundraising Health 5K or the kids’ run, there are plenty of ways to celebrate running, walking, and fitness in general in Quebec City.

5. Rio de Janeiro Marathon
July 17
The route of this marathon visually rivals any other. It starts out  in Reciero and finishes up in Flamengo – ocean to the left, and mountains to the right. Along the way, runners weave through Praia de Reserva, Leblon, fabled Ipanema and Copacabana – all as onlookers urge them on.

4. ING New York City Marathon
Nov. 6
If the Boston Marathon unofficially kicks off prime-time North American runs, the ING New York City Marathon finishes them up on Nov. 6. The Big Apple Event may not have the history of its New England cousin, but the competition is every bit as tough. The course starts in Staten Island, then makes its way through Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx and Manhattan before finishing up in Central Park.

3. Boston Marathon
April 16
This is another run blessed by the Irish. The Boston marathon attracts a million spectators a year. The course is fabled for its beauty and its brutality. The course starts in Rural Hopkinton, then winds through countrysides and townships before terminating in Boston’s Kenmore Square, in the shadows of Fenway Park.

2. Dublin Marathon
Oct. 31
Runners gather for the friendliest marathon in the world. The Dublin Marathon is largely flat. It starts at Fitzwilliam Street Upper, and finishes up in Merrion Square North – both close to the center of the city. Along the way contestants are cheered on as perhaps nowhere else. Spectators feel their pain – and are more than happy to help them kill it with a Guinness or two when the race is over.

1. Athens Classic Marathon
Nov. 13
I found this one really interesting. It tells you the story of the first marathon. Runners will follow in the footsteps of Pheidippides as they track the route of the first Marathon. We capitalize the name “Marathon” because it was from this small coastal town that one man struggled the original 40 kilometres to Athens – across arid, rocky ground. When he got there he proclaimed civilization was safe, that the Greek army had defeated the Persians. He then keeled over and died. The route is not for the faint.

Top 10 Smartest Apes

Here is a list of the top 10 smartest apes. It was requested by a blog follower. I did some research and posted a new list. Be sure to send me any suggestions that you have at bensbox88@yahoo.ca.

10. Lufengpithecus

Lufengpithecus is an extinct ape.

9. Ankarapithecus

Ankarapithecus is an extinct ape. It was probably a fruit-eater, and would have weighed around 60 pounds. Its remains were found close to Ankara, in central Turkey, in the early 1950s.

8. Sivapithecus

Sivapithecus is also an extinct primate. Fossil remains of these animals, dated from 12.5 million to 8.5 million years old, have been found since the 19th century in Siwalik Hills in what is now India, Nepal, and Pakistan. These primates may have been the ancestors to the modern orangutans.

7. Gigantopithecus

Gigantopithecus is an extinct ape that existed from roughly one million years ago to as recently as three hundred thousand years ago in what is now China, India, and Vietnam, placing Gigantopithecus in the same time frame and location as several early humans. The fossil record suggests that the Gigantopithecus blacki species were the largest apes that ever lived, standing up to 3 meters (9.8 feet), and weighing up to 540 kilograms (1,200 lbs).

6. Gibbons

Gibbons live in tropical rainforests from northeast India to Indonesia and north to southern China, including the islands of Sumatra, Borneo, and Java.

5. Ouranopithecus

Ouranopithecus was the last common ancestor of the great apes and the humans.

4. Chimpanzees

Chimpanzees split from human evolution about 6 million years ago and the two chimpanzee species are the closest living relatives of humans.

3. Orangutans

They are among the most intelligent primates and use a variety of sophisticated tools.

2. Bonobo

The bonobo was previously called the pygmy chimpanzee and less often, the dwarf or gracile chimpanzee. Although the name ‘chimpanzee’ is sometimes used to refer to both species together, it is usually understood as referring to the common chimpanzee, while Pan paniscus is usually referred to as the bonobo.

1. Gorillas

DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of a human’s, between 95 and 99%, depending on what is counted.

Top 10 Largest Cities in Europe

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This is a list of the top largest cities in the European Union. The area of each city shown in the list is only the metropolitan areas. However, the list is arranged by the metropolitan area and the urban areas.

10. Vienna, Austria
Vienna is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. It is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political center. Vienna is host to many international organizations, such as the United Nations.

9. Warsaw, Poland
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula river roughly 260 kilometers (160 miles) from the Baltic Sea and 300 kilometers (190 miles) from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population as of June 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855. The area of the city covers 516.9 square kilometers (199.6 square miles).

8. Budapest, Hungary
Budapest is the capital of Hungary. As the largest city in Hungary, it is the country’s principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation center. In 2011, Budapest had 1,733,685 inhabitants, down from its 1989 peak of 2,113,645. The city covers an area of 525 square kilometers (202.7 square miles) within the city limits.

7. Hamburg, Germany
Hamburg is the second-largest city in Germany. The city is home to more than 1.8 million people. The port of Hamburg is the third-largest port in Europe (after the port of Rotterdam and the port of Antwerp) and it is among the twenty largest in the world.

6. Bucharest, Romania
Bucharest is the capital city, cultural, industrial, and financial center of Romania. It is the largest city in Romania, located in the southeast of the country, and lies on the banks of the Dâmbovita River.

5. Paris, France
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region. The city of Paris has an estimated population of 2,193,031. Paris was the largest city in the Western world for about 1,000 years, prior to the 19th century, and the largest in the entire world between the 16th and 19th centuries.

4. Rome, Italy
Rome is the capital of Italy and the country’s largest and most populated city, with over 2.7 million residents in 1,285.3 square kilometers (496.3 square miles). The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River.

3. Madrid, Spain
Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.4 million. The city spans a total of 604.3 square kilometers (233.3 square miles).

2. Berlin, Germany
Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany’s largest city. Located in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city’s area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers, and lakes.

1. London, United Kingdom
London is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two thousand years, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London’s ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile medieval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around its core.

Top 10 Strangest Hybrid Animals

Here is my first official post. It’s about the hybrid animals, which are a mix of two animals. They mostly exist in captivity and are the result of human modifying genetics. Playing God isn’t always safe, and something might eventually happen one day to prove this (Jurassic Park, anyone?).

10. Liger / Tigon
Though they are fascinating animals, they get the last of the list because they are the most popular known among the hybrids. Ligers are crossbreeds between a male lion and a female tiger while Tigons are crossbreds between a male tiger and a female lion. Ligers ar the world’s largest cats. Tigons, on the other hand, are prone to dwarfism and are usually smaller than either of their parents. Male Ligers/Tigons are sterile while the females are often fertile.

9. Wolf Dogs
Dogs and wolves tend to crossbreed rather freely. The wolf is a shy animal depending on body language, facial expressions, and on hunting skills to survive. Their jaws are much stronger than those of a dog and are often used to exert dominance. For a wolf dog hybrid, it isnot known when it will display wolf behaviour, dog behaviour, or something in between. Obedience training is a must in order to tame the animal.

8. Iron Age Pigs
Domestic Tamworth pigs are crossbred with wild boar to create ”Iron Age Pigs”. The hybrids are tamer than wild boar but less tractable than domestic swine and generally become specialist pork sausages. Most of them are bred for the specialist meat trade.

7. Zebroid
A zorse is the result of crossbreeding a horse and a zebra. A zonkey is the result of crossbreeding a donkey with a zebra. The zony is the result of crossbreeding a pony to a zebra. All these three are called zebroids – Defined as a cross between a zebra and any other animal in the horse family. Zebroids are preferred over zebra for practical uses such as riding, because of its body shape. However, it is more inclined to be temperamental and can prove to be difficult to handle.

6. Cama
A Cama is a hybrid between a camel and a llama. A Cama usually has the short ears oand long tail of a camel but the cloven hooves ofa camel. Also most noticeable is the absence of the hump.

5. Grollar
A Grollar/Pizzly hybrid is the product of a grizzly bear and a polar bear. Although the two bears are genetically similar, they tend to avoid each other in the wild. On April 16th 2006, a hybrid bear was shot dead by Jim Martell, a hunter from the United States. The bear was shot in Canada. It was the first time a hybrid was found in the wild where previous records of Grollars or Pizzlies have only been found in zoos.

4. Leopon
A Leopon is the result of breeding a male leopard and a female lion. The head of the animal is similar to a lion’s while the rest of the body carries similarities to a leopard’s. The most succesful breeding program was at the Koshien Hanshin Park in Nishinomiya City, Japan. Leopons are larger than leopards and like to climb and enjoy water.

3. Hybrid Pheasant
The Golden Pheasant has commonly been crossed with the similar Lady Amherst’s Pheasant. The result is a hybrid with distinguished colors from its parents.

2. Wolphin
A Wolphin is a rare hybrid formed from a cross between a bottlenose dolphin and a killer whale. There are currently only two in captivity at the Sea Life Park in Hawaii. A Wolphin’s size, color, and shape are intermediate between the parent species. The first captive wolphin was Kekaimalu, which shows mixed heritage even in its teeth: bottlenose dolphins have 88, killer whales have 44, and Kekaimalu has 66!

1. Ti-Liger
The top spot goes to ti-ligers/ti-tigons/li-tigons/li-ligers because they are hybrids among hybrids. It is a cross between a male tiger and a female tiger/ligon or a male lion with a female tigon/liger. Do note that female ligers or tigons are fertile, as I have already said. They are extremely rare, and are mostly in private ownership within a behavioural studies program. In the case of ti-ligers, they have unusual striping where it breaks up and displays a blotchy appearance. Since they are 3/4 tiger, their characteristics inhibit more of those of a tiger than of a lion.

Top 7 Reasons I Started This Blog

1. I needed something to do
Honestly, it gets quite boring when you have nothing to do.

2. I love lists!
I have always loved making and reading them.

3. For other list-lovers or trivia fans
I’m sure there are a lot of other people like me who just love discovering useless facts.

4. It’s a great way to improve my grammar
To create a blog, you have to make sure you don’t misspell your words, and you can learn new words by trying to describe something.

5. To have fun and be creative
Writing a blog needs a lot of creativeness, and it’s also fun, of course, because you can post whatever topic comes to mind. Many people start a blog simply for fun. Perhaps a blogger is a fan of a particular athlete or loves collecting stamps, and wants to share that passion through a blog. One of the most important keys to successful blogging is having a passion about about your blog’s topic,so you can write a lot about it.

6. So friends and family can see my project
The world has shrunk since the internet has become so popular. This blog provides a simple way for my family and friends to stay connected with my new activity.

7. Because I was bored
The cure for boredom is curiosity. There is no cure for curiosity.
-Dorothy Parker